ls

We can use this command to list out all files and directories present in the given directory

If you add a folder name or path, it will print that folder contents:

ls /demo

ls accepts a lot of options

ls -1

List files one per line

ls -a

List all files, including hidden files. The -a flag stands for “all"

Hidden files are files that start with a dot ( . )

. refers to current directory.

.. refers to parent directory.

ls -l

Long Listing: Compared to the plain ls , this returns much more information.

You have, from left to right:

first column: file type and file permissions. Every file row begins with the file type and then specifies the access permissions associated with the files.

File Types Table

Type	Description
d	Directory File
-	Normal File
l	Link File
c	Character Special File
b	Block Special File

second column: number of links to that file

third column: owner of the file or the superuser (who has the administrating power)

fourth column: group of owner/superuser

fifth column: file size

sixth column: date and time when the file was created or lastly modified

last column: name of the file or the directory

Below diagram explain what is the meaning of each part of the output(left to right)

ls -d */

Only list directories

Other Useful options:

• -t: Sorts files by modification time, with the most recently modified files appearing first.

• -r: Reverses the order of the sort

• -S: Sorts files by size. By default, it sorts in descending order (largest files first).

• -R: Recursively lists directories and their contents.

• -h: Displays file sizes in a human-readable format, using units like kilobytes (K), megabytes (M), gigabytes (G), etc.

• -F: Appends a character to each file name to indicate the file type:

/	Directory
*	Executable File
@	Symbolic Link
\|	Named Pipe (FIFO)
=	Socket

We can also use multiple options at a time:

ls Linux Command

man Linux Command

cd Linux Command

mkdir Linux Command

rmdir Linux Command

Set Environment Variable in Linux